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8.3. MaxEnt for deriving some probability distributions

Here we derive some standard probability distribution by maximizing the entropy subject to constraints derived from information that we have.

Example 1: the Gaussian

First we take the constraint

(8.1)\[\begin{equation} \int_{-\infty}^\infty (x-\mu)^2 p(x) dx=\sigma^2. \end{equation}\]

We also have the normalization constraint:

(8.2)\[\begin{equation} \int_{-\infty}^\infty p(x) dx=1. \end{equation}\]

So we maximize:

(8.3)\[\begin{equation} Q(p;\lambda_0,\lambda_1)=-\int p(x)\ln\left(\frac{p(x)}{m(x)}\right) \, dx + \lambda_0 \left(1-\int p(x) dx\right)+ \lambda_1\left(\sigma^2 - \int p(x) (x-\mu)^2 dx\right) \end{equation}\]

We will assume a uniform m(x).

Step 1: differentiate with respect to p(x). What do you get?

Step 2: set the functional derivative equal to 0. Show that the solution is:

(8.4)\[\begin{equation} p(x)={\cal N} \exp(-\lambda_1 (x-\mu)^2), \end{equation}\]

where \({\cal N}=e^{-1-\lambda_0}\).

Step 3a: Now, we impose the constraints. First, use the fact that \(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \exp(-y^2) \, dy=\sqrt{\pi}\) to fix \({\cal N}\) (and \(\lambda_0\)).

Step 3b: Second, compute \(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} y^2 \exp(-y^2) \, dy\), and use the results to show \(\lambda_1 = \frac{1}{2 \sigma^2}\).

Example 2: the Poisson distribution

Now we will take a constraint on the mean (first moment):

(8.5)\[\begin{equation} \int_{0}^\infty x p(x) dx=\mu. \end{equation}\]

As usual, we also have the normalization constraint:

(8.6)\[\begin{equation} \int_{0}^\infty p(x) dx=1. \end{equation}\]

So we maximize:

(8.7)\[\begin{equation} Q(p;\lambda_0,\lambda_1)=-\int p(x)\ln\left(\frac{p(x)}{m(x)}\right) \, dx + \lambda_0 \left(1-\int p(x) dx\right)+ \lambda_1\left(\mu - \int p(x) x dx\right) \end{equation}\]

We will again assume a uniform m(x).

Go through the steps as you did in the first example.

You should obtain the Poisson distribution:

(8.8)\[\begin{equation} p(x)=\frac{1}{\mu} \exp\left(-\frac{x}{\mu}\right) \end{equation}\]

Third example: log normal distribution

Suppose the constraint is on the variance of \(\ln x\), i.e.,

(8.9)\[\begin{equation} \int p(x)\left[\log\left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)\right]^2 dx=\sigma^2 \end{equation}\]

Change variables to \(y=\log(x/x_0)\). What is the constraint in terms of \(y\)?

Now maximize the entropy, subject to this constraint, and, of course, the normalization constraint.

You should obtain the log-normal distribution:

(8.10)\[\begin{equation} p(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} x \sigma} \exp\left[-\frac{\ln^2(x/x_0)}{2 \sigma^2}\right]. \end{equation}\]

When do you think it would make sense to say that we know the variance of \(\log(x)\), rather than the variance of \(x\) itself?

Fourth example: l1-norm

Finally, we take the constraint on the mean absolute value of \(x-\mu\): \(\langle |x-\mu| \rangle=\epsilon\).

This constraint is written as:

(8.11)\[\begin{equation} \int p(x) \, |x - \mu| \, dx=\epsilon. \end{equation}\]

Use the uniform measure, and go through the steps once again, to show that:

(8.12)\[\begin{equation} p(x)=\frac{1}{2 \epsilon} \exp\left(-\frac{|x-\mu|}{\epsilon}\right). \end{equation}\]
8.2. Ignorance pdfs: Indifference and translation groups 8.4. Maximum Entropy for reconstructing a function from its moments